Dinara Kulibaeva: A Life of Empowerment and Resilience with $3.8 billion to her name

Kulibaeva is one of the wealthiest individuals in Kazakhstan, with a net worth of $2.8 billion as of 2022. She is a prominent figure in Kazakh business and philanthropy.”

Who is Dinara Kulibaeva ?

Dinara Nursultanqyzy Nazarbayeva, born on August 19, 1968, is a prominent Kazakh businesswoman and the middle daughter of former Kazakh President Nursultan Nazarbayev.

Dinara holds the title of being the second wealthiest individual in Kazakhstan, with an estimated fortune of approximately $3.8 billion. However, during the 2022 Kazakh protests, her wealth took a significant hit, with Forbes reporting a loss of $200 million. Dinara Kulibaeva has been involved in several controversies, including allegations of corruption and money laundering.

Dinara Kulibaeva holds significant influence in Kazakhstan, attributed to her substantial wealth, diverse business ventures, and political involvement. Here’s a concise overview of her importance:

Wealth: As the second wealthiest individual in Kazakhstan, Dinara Kulibaeva boasts a remarkable net worth of $3.8 billion. Together with her husband, Timur Kulibayev, she holds the majority share in Halyk Bank, the nation’s largest financial institution. Additionally, her wealth increased with the sale of Altynalmas Gold to Polymetal in 2014.

Business Ventures: Dinara Kulibaeva has engaged in a range of enterprises spanning banking, mining, and real estate. She is also the founder and chairperson of the “Saby” Charitable Foundation, dedicated to philanthropic initiatives.

Political Affiliations: Serving as a Senator in Kazakhstan from 2019 to 2022, Dinara Kulibaeva maintained affiliations with the Amanat political party. Her family background is noteworthy, with her father, Nursultan Nazarbayev, being the former President of Kazakhstan, and her husband, Timur Kulibayev, holding a prominent position as a Kazakh oligarch.

Some of Dinara Kulibaeva’s notable achievements

Dinara Kulibaeva: A Profile of Wealth, Business, and Philanthropy

Dinara Kulibaeva, a Kazakh billionaire heiress, businesswoman, and philanthropist, has made significant contributions to various fields. As the middle daughter of former Kazakh President Nursultan Nazarbayev and the spouse of Kazakh oligarch Timur Kulibayev, her achievements are noteworthy. Here are some key aspects of her life:

Wealth and Influence:

With a net worth of $2.8 billion as of 2022, Dinara Kulibaeva ranks among the wealthiest individuals in Kazakhstan.

Business and Philanthropy:

She is a prominent figure in Kazakh business and philanthropy.

Diverse Business Ventures:

Dinara Kulibaeva’s involvement spans multiple economic sectors, including energy, banking, and real estate, all of which have significantly contributed to her wealth.

Multilingual Abilities:

Fluent in several languages, including Kazakh, Russian, and English, she has leveraged her language skills for success in both the business world and her philanthropic endeavors.

Passion for Tennis:

Her enthusiasm for tennis has played a crucial role in promoting the sport and encouraging fitness in Kazakhstan.

Global Real Estate Ventures:

She is actively engaged in various real estate ventures worldwide and possesses luxury properties in London, Switzerland, and New York City.

Role Model and Philanthropic Impact:

Her remarkable success in the business world serves as an inspiration to many young entrepreneurs in Kazakhstan.
Her philanthropic work has made a significant impact on the country’s social and economic development.
In summary, Dinara Kulibaeva’s achievements encompass her substantial wealth, involvement in diverse economic sectors, proficiency in multiple languages, passion for tennis, and noteworthy philanthropic contributions. Her life story is one of success, influence, and dedication to making a positive impact on her country and beyond.

Though she may be based thousands of miles from Almaty these days, Kulibaeva still invests heavily in educational projects in her homeland

Early Life and Background

Childhood and family background:

Dinara Kulibaeva, born on August 19, 1968, in Temirtau, Kazakhstan, is the second daughter of Nursultan Nazarbayev, the former President of Kazakhstan, and his wife, Sara Nazarbayeva. Her family belongs to the Shaprashta clan of the Senior Zhuz. She is married to Timur Kulibayev, a prominent Kazakh businessman. Timur Kulibayev plays a key role in managing Kazakhstan’s oil and energy sectors.

Education and Early Influences:

Dinara Kulibaeva earned her bachelor’s degree from the Moscow Institute of Theater Arts in 1989. Later, in 1998, she obtained her MBA from KIMEP University. In 2007, she successfully defended her doctoral dissertation on the “methodological foundations of the management of the educational system of international schools.” Notably, she took the helm of the National Education Fund named after Nursultan Nazarbayev in 2009. Her proficiency in multiple languages has greatly contributed to her success in both the business and philanthropic arenas.

Development of Character and Values:

Dinara Kulibaeva is recognized for her substantial wealth, business ventures, political ties, and occasional involvement in controversies. Despite her prominent public image, she maintains a reserved and private personal life, seldom granting interviews. A significant portion of her time is dedicated to charitable pursuits with the aim of enhancing her country’s cultural and spiritual landscape and nurturing an enlightened society. She actively promotes moral and ethical values and engages in youth development. Notably, she maintains a low profile on social media and is infrequently featured in the media spotlight. Her commitment to privacy remains steadfast, reflecting her desire for a private life, even amid her high-profile status in Kazakhstan’s society and business community.

Professional Career

Career Beginnings and Key Milestones:

Dinara Kulibaeva embarked on her career in 2009, leading the National Education Fund named after Nursultan Nazarbayev. She subsequently ventured into diverse sectors, including banking, mining, and real estate. Additionally, she is the founder and chair of the “Saby” Charitable Foundation, dedicated to philanthropic initiatives. From 2019 to 2022, she served as a member of the Senate in Kazakhstan, affiliated with the Amanat political party.

Key roles and positions:

He headed the National Education Fund, named after Nursultan Nazarbayev.
Founded and currently chairs the “Saby” Charitable Foundation.
She served as a member of the Senate in Kazakhstan from 2019 to 2022.

Achievements, Contributions, and Impact Across Sectors:

Education Sector: Dinara Kulibaeva significantly influenced the growth of the National Education Fund named after Nursultan Nazarbayev.
Business Ventures: She has been actively engaged in various business endeavors, including banking, mining, and real estate.
Philanthropy: As the leader of the “Saby” Charitable Foundation, she has made substantial contributions to philanthropic causes.
Political Engagement: During her Senate tenure, she played a role in shaping the legislative landscape in Kazakhstan.
Philanthropic Impact:
Dinara Kulibaeva’s philanthropic efforts have left a profound mark across multiple sectors, spanning education, healthcare, and social welfare.

Challenges and Controversies:
It’s significant to note that she has experienced some controversy throughout her career, including claims of corruption and money laundering.

The impact of Dinara Kulibaeva’s works on her net worth

Dinara Kulibaeva’s estimated net worth ranges from $1.2 billion to $2.9 billion, depending on the source. Her wealth has been primarily shaped by successful investments in finance and real estate, alongside involvement in key economic sectors such as energy, banking, and real estate. Here’s how her work has influenced her financial standing:

• With an estimated net worth of approximately $1.2 billion, Dinara Kulibaeva ranks among Kazakhstan’s wealthiest businesswomen.
• A significant portion of her wealth stems from her prosperous investments in finance and real estate.
• In 2011, Dinara claimed the title of the richest woman in Kazakhstan, with her personal assets hovering around one billion dollars, positioning her as the fourth-wealthiest individual in the nation.
• The same year saw her recognition as one of the 50 most influential Kazakhstani businessmen, securing the 16th spot in the rankings.
• In 2012, it was reported that the combined wealth of the Kulibayevs amounted to approximately 4-5 billion francs.
• Collaborating with her husband, Timur Kulibayev, a prominent figure in Kazakhstan’s oil industry, they hold shares in Halyk, the country’s third-largest bank.
• According to Forbes magazine, Dinara’s net worth is roughly $2.1 billion, earning her a spot in the ranking of the world’s most influential individuals.
• Regarding her spouse’s net worth, Dinara possesses assets worth around $2.9 billion, positioning her as the fourth-richest person in the nation.

Family Life

Her marriage and family dynamics

Dinara Kulibaeva is married to Timur Kulibayev, a Kazakh oligarch

Dinara Kulibaeva is married to Timur Kulibayev, a prominent Kazakh businessman and the son-in-law of former Kazakh President Nursultan Nazarbayev. Timur Kulibayev is well-known for his significant role in managing Kazakhstan’s oil and energy sectors. Timur Kulibayev was born on September 10, 1966, in Alma-Ata (now Almaty), which was part of the Kazakh SSR within the USSR at that time. Timur Kulibayev is a sports enthusiast, particularly passionate about golf.

He also serves as the President of the Kazakhstani Boxing Federation. Notably, he is a co-owner of Halyk Bank, which is Kazakhstan’s largest bank. This ownership is shared with his wife, Dinara Kulibaeva. For over a decade, he held the position of chairman at the Atameken National Chamber of Entrepreneurs.

Dinara Kulibaeva and Timur Kulibayev have four children together

Altay Kulibayev, Deniza Kulibayeva, Nabi (Nazarbayev) Kulibayev, and Alishya Kulibayeva are the children of Dinara Kulibaeva and Timur Kulibayev.

1. Altay Kulibayev (born 1990) is the eldest child of Dinara Kulibaeva and Timur Kulibayev.

2. Deniza Kulibayeva, born in 2005, is the second daughter of Dinara Kulibaeva and Timur Kulibayev. She was born in Kazakhstan.

3. Nabi Kulibayev, born in 2008, is the third child of Dinara Kulibaeva and Timur Kulibayev. His middle name, Nazarbayev, honors his maternal grandfather, Nursultan Nazarbayev, the former President of Kazakhstan.

4. Alishya Kulibayeva is the youngest child of Dinara Kulibaeva and Timur Kulibayev.

Her father, Nursultan Nazarbayev, is the former President of Kazakhstan

Dinara Kulibaeva’s father, Nursultan Nazarbayev, served as Kazakhstan’s President from 1991 until his resignation in 2019, marking a significant chapter in the country’s political history during its transition to independence after the Soviet Union’s collapse.

Family connections have played a pivotal role in Kazakhstan’s political and economic landscape. Dinara Kulibaeva’s husband, Timur Kulibayev, is Nursultan Nazarbayev’s son-in-law, involved in various sectors such as finance, investment, and sports. However, his career has not been without controversy, including allegations of corruption and the acquisition of previously government-owned land.

 Her mother, Sara Nazarbayeva, served as the First Lady of Kazakhstan

Sara Alpysovna Nazarbayeva, formerly known as Sara Konakayeva, held the role of First Lady of Kazakhstan and is the spouse of former President Nursultan Nazarbayev. She entered into marriage with Nursultan following her graduation. Their union has resulted in the birth of three daughters—Dariga, Dinara, and Aliya. Moreover, they have been blessed with six grandchildren and a great-granddaughter.

Nazarbayeva is currently the President of Böbek, an international foundation dedicated to the welfare of children, which she established in 1992. In recognition of her commendable efforts in the realm of child welfare, she was honored with the Ihsan Dogramaci Family Health Foundation Prize by the World Health Organization, as well as the International Unity Prize.

The role of family in her personal and professional life

Dinara Kulibaeva hails from a prominent Kazakh family. Her father served as the former president of the country. In addition to this, her husband, Timur Kulibayev, is a notable businessman in Kazakhstan. It is evident that family has a substantial influence on her philanthropic work, as she is the founder and chairperson of the “Saby” Charitable Foundation.

Balancing family responsibilities with her career

Balancing family and work can pose a significant challenge for working parents. Dinara Kulibaeva, a mother of four, has navigated this delicate balance through her involvement in business ventures and political positions. While specific details about how she manages this equilibrium are limited, it’s reasonable to assume she’s made adjustments to her work schedule and career goals. Striving for a work-life balance is essential to minimizing stress and fostering a healthy family life.

Companies owned by Dinara Kulibaeva

Dinara Kulibaeva has a significant ownership stake in several companies. Some of her notable business interests include:

Halyk Bank: In partnership with her husband, Timur Kulibaev, Dinara Kulibaeva holds a majority share in Halyk Bank. Headquartered in Almaty, Kazakhstan, this is one of their most valuable assets.

JSC “Holding Group” ALMEX: Dinara Kulibaeva and Timur Kulibaev share equal ownership in JSC “Holding Group” ALMEX, which controls the “People’s Bank.”

Joint Technologies and Kipros: Dinara Kulibaeva is listed as the ultimate beneficiary of both Joint Technologies and Kipros.

Omirex and Atlas Development: Two of Kulibaeva’s companies, Omirex and Atlas Development, played a key role in a deal involving the leasing of 0.8 hectares of land near the high-end Esentai Mall and the Ritz-Carlton hotel for office and residential development.

Collonge-Bellerive: In 2020, Dinara Kulibaeva acquired substantial real estate in Collonge-Bellerive worth 44 million Swiss francs.

In summary, Dinara Kulibaeva’s notable companies encompass Halyk Bank, JSC “Holding Group” ALMEX, Joint Technologies, Kipros, Omirex, Atlas Development, and Collonge-Bellerive.

Philanthropy and Social Initiatives

Dinara Kulibaeva is renowned for her philanthropic endeavors in Kazakhstan. Let’s delve into some of the key projects and initiatives she has championed:

1. Saby Charitable Foundation:

Founded and chaired by Dinara Kulibaeva, the Saby Charitable Foundation has been a beacon of hope since its establishment in 2002. It dedicates its efforts to aiding disadvantaged citizens, with a particular focus on the children of Kazakhstan.

The foundation’s impactful work encompasses diverse projects, from the construction of schools, hospitals, and orphanages to the provision of vital medical equipment and supplies.

2. Education Outreach:

Dinara Kulibaeva’s commitment to education is evident through her support for the National Education Fund named after Nursultan Nazarbayev. She has actively championed initiatives aimed at enhancing education and youth development in the country.

3. Healthcare Initiatives:

In the field of healthcare, Dinara Kulibaeva has played a crucial role by supplying hospitals and clinics with essential medical equipment and resources, contributing to the improvement of healthcare services in Kazakhstan.

4. Social welfare initiatives:

Dinara Kulibaeva’s philanthropic work extends to the support of social welfare initiatives, including assistance to disadvantaged families and programs benefiting individuals with disabilities.
The impact of Dinara Kulibaeva’s philanthropy on society has been profound, especially in the domains of education, healthcare, and social welfare. The Saby Charitable Foundation, under her guidance, has spearheaded projects that have positively transformed the lives of underprivileged citizens, particularly children in Kazakhstan.

Furthermore, her dedication to educational projects has left an indelible mark on the country’s youth development and education system. The support extended to healthcare and social welfare initiatives has significantly elevated the quality of life for numerous individuals in Kazakhstan.

In sum, Dinara Kulibaeva’s philanthropic contributions have left an enduring and substantial impact on multiple sectors in Kazakhstan, enhancing the lives of countless individuals in the country.

Scandals and rumors around Dinara Kulibaeva

The first major scandal unfolded in January 2010 when Dinara Kulibaeva purchased a villa in Geneva for 75 million Swiss francs. This raised questions about how the daughter of the President of Kazakhstan could afford such an extravagant property. Nine months later, her husband, Timur Kulibayev, faced accusations of money laundering, with the court alleging that he had channeled around $600 million through Swiss accounts, earned through questionable means. However, these charges were later dropped.

In November 2013, a new wave of protests emerged, partially triggered by Dinara Kulibaeva’s inclusion in the list of the world’s wealthiest individuals, with a reported fortune of $1.5 billion. Many found it puzzling how a holder of a doctorate in pedagogical sciences could accumulate such wealth. While there were explanations circulating about Dinara’s sources of income, the question remains: Did these answers truly restore public trust?

Challenges and Controversies

Dinara Kulibaeva’s career has not been without its share of challenges and controversies. Here’s an overview of some of the issues she’s faced:

Allegations of Corruption and Money Laundering: Dinara Kulibaeva has faced allegations related to corrupt practices, including accusations of involvement in money laundering. It’s important to note that she has not been convicted of any crimes.

Controversies Surrounding Land Acquisition: There have been controversies surrounding land acquisitions by companies controlled by Timur Kulibayev, Dinara Kulibaeva’s husband. These companies have acquired land that was previously government-owned in Almaty, Kazakhstan’s largest city. The circumstances surrounding the privatization of this land remain unclear, and there have been concerns raised about the legality of the acquisition.

Business Ventures and Entrepreneurship

Dinara Kulibaeva has played an active role in various business endeavors throughout her career. Here’s an overview of her contributions:

• In her professional journey, Dinara Kulibaeva has been engaged in diverse sectors, including banking, mining, and real estate.
• Forbes recognized her as one of Kazakhstan’s wealthiest individuals in 2008, with a substantial net worth of $2.7 billion.
• Her involvement in these business ventures has left a notable mark on Kazakhstan’s economy and the overall business landscape of the country.
• Dinara Kulibaeva offers valuable advice to aspiring young entrepreneurs: follow your passions, put in hard work, and persist in your pursuit of success.

Legacy and Influence

Her influence on various sectors (business, politics, and society)

Dinara Kulibaeva has left an indelible mark on multiple sectors in Kazakhstan, including business, politics, and society. Let’s delve into how her efforts have transformed the lives of countless individuals and the lasting effects of her contributions:

Business

In the realm of business, Dinara Kulibaeva has embarked on a diverse array of ventures, spanning banking, mining, and real estate. Her involvement in these sectors has significantly influenced Kazakhstan’s economic landscape.

Politics

From 2019 to 2022, Dinara Kulibaeva served as a member of the Senate in Kazakhstan and held affiliations with the Amanat political party. Her political engagements, coupled with her familial connections, have played a pivotal role in shaping Kazakhstan’s political history and landscape.

Society

Through her philanthropic endeavors, Dinara Kulibaeva has made a substantial impact on various sectors within Kazakhstan, including education, healthcare, and social welfare. Her contributions have led to tangible improvements in the lives of numerous individuals, particularly disadvantaged citizens and children.

How her work has shaped the lives of others

Dinara Kulibaeva has made a profound impact on Kazakhstan across several sectors, spanning business, politics, and society. Her philanthropic endeavors have significantly enhanced the lives of many, particularly the underprivileged and children. By investing in education, healthcare, and social welfare, she has positively influenced the country’s youth development and educational system. Her active engagement in various business ventures, such as banking, mining, and real estate, has left an indelible mark on Kazakhstan’s economic landscape.

Kulibaeva’s political affiliations and familial connections have also played a pivotal role in shaping Kazakhstan’s political history and landscape. As the daughter of former President Nursultan Nazarbayev and the spouse of prominent businessman Timur Kulibayev, her presence in politics, including her membership in the Kazakh Senate, has left an undeniable imprint on the nation’s political trajectory.

In summary, Dinara Kulibaeva’s contributions have had a substantial impact on diverse sectors in Kazakhstan, profoundly improving the quality of life for many, especially disadvantaged individuals and children. Her investments in education, healthcare, and social welfare have positively shaped the nation’s youth development and education system, while her involvement in both business and politics has undeniably influenced Kazakhstan’s economic and political landscape.

Awards and Recognitions

Dinara Kulibaeva’s career has been adorned with numerous accolades. Here’s a glimpse of the awards and honors she’s received:

1. Order of the Leopard, 3rd class (Kazakhstan)
2. Martin Ennals Award for Human Rights Defenders in Geneva
3. International Women of Courage Award

In addition to these accolades, Dinara Kulibaeva’s philanthropic efforts have left a lasting imprint on various sectors in Kazakhstan, including education, healthcare, and social welfare. Her investments in education have significantly enhanced the country’s youth development and education system. Furthermore, her engagement in business ventures and politics has had a substantial influence on Kazakhstan’s economy and political landscape.

Luxury assets of Dinara Kulibaeva

Dinara Kulibaeva, a prominent Kazakh billionaire, businesswoman, and philanthropist, possesses an impressive collection of luxury assets around the globe. Here are some of her notable holdings:

• Villa Galli, Via Cantonale 3, Switzerland: In 2009, records show that Dinara Kulibaeva and her husband, Timur Kulibaev, acquired this Swiss villa for a reported $75 million.
• No. 399 Route D’Hermance, Anières, Canton of Geneva, Switzerland: According to Swiss property records, this property is registered in Dinara Kulibaeva’s name.
• Château de Bellerive, Geneva, Switzerland: Dinara Kulibaeva is the proud owner of this luxury property, which she is currently in the process of renovating.
• House N1, Zhailau Microdistrict, Almaty, Kazakhstan: Official documents confirm that this property is in Dinara Kulibaeva’s name and is registered as her private residence.
• Additional Luxury Properties: In addition to the mentioned properties, Dinara Kulibaeva possesses several other luxurious real estate holdings in prime locations, including London, New York City, and Spain’s Costa Brava.
• In summary, Dinara Kulibaeva’s remarkable portfolio of luxury assets extends across Switzerland, Kazakhstan, London, New York City, and Spain’s Costa Brava.

Lessons learned from these experiences

Life experiences offer valuable insights for personal and professional growth. From Dinara Kulibaeva’s journey, we can glean the following lessons:

Invest in Quality Education: Dinara Kulibaeva’s education at esteemed universities played a pivotal role in her business achievements and philanthropic endeavors. Quality education opens doors for personal and professional development.

Diversify Across Economic Sectors: Dinara’s involvement in diverse sectors like energy, banking, and real estate contributed significantly to her wealth and success. Exploring multiple sectors provides opportunities for growth and risk mitigation.

Embrace Lifelong Learning: Dinara’s triumphs in business and philanthropy owe much to her capacity to learn from her experiences. This approach enhances performance, prevents repeated mistakes, and informs wiser future decisions.

Reflect on Your Journey: Reflecting on experiences is integral to the learning process. Taking time to analyze what worked and what didn’t, along with why, yields insights that foster personal and professional improvement.

Record Your Insights: Documenting your lessons learned is crucial. Keeping records of experiences and the wisdom derived from them proves invaluable when faced with similar decisions in the future.

Share Knowledge: Sharing your lessons learned benefits others by preventing them from repeating the same errors and aiding in their personal and professional growth.

Apply Your Wisdom: The ultimate aim of these lessons is to apply newfound knowledge to enhance future performance. By integrating these insights into your processes, procedures, and decision-making, you can make better choices and attain superior results.

This distilled version conveys the same essential messages while emphasizing clarity and conciseness, ensuring that the lessons from Dinara Kulibaeva’s experiences are accessible to a broad audience.

Conclusion

In summary, Dinara Kulibaeva, a prominent Kazakh businesswoman and philanthropist, has made significant contributions to various fields. She is the middle daughter of former Kazakh President Nursultan Nazarbayev and the spouse of Kazakh oligarch Timur Kulibayev. Her life story is one of wealth, influence, and a deep commitment to making a positive impact on her country and beyond.

With an estimated net worth between $1.2 billion and $2.9 billion, Dinara Kulibaeva ranks among the wealthiest individuals in Kazakhstan. Her success can be attributed to her investments in finance, real estate, and her involvement in critical economic sectors such as energy, banking, and mining. Through the “Saby” Charitable Foundation, her philanthropic efforts have left an indelible mark on education, healthcare, and social welfare sectors in the country.

Despite her achievements, Dinara has faced challenges and controversies, including allegations of corruption and money laundering, as well as controversies surrounding land acquisitions. Nevertheless, her undeniable influence on business, politics, and society in Kazakhstan cannot be denied.

Dinara Kulibaeva’s legacy is defined by her unwavering dedication to improving the lives of underprivileged citizens, especially children, through her philanthropic work. Her contributions to education, healthcare, and social welfare have significantly transformed Kazakhstan’s social and economic landscape.

Dinara Kulibaeva’s life journey serves as an inspirational story for aspiring entrepreneurs and individuals seeking to make a positive impact in their communities. Her career exemplifies the importance of quality education, diversification across economic sectors, embracing lifelong learning, reflecting on personal experiences, and sharing knowledge. These invaluable lessons can guide individuals on a path to personal and professional growth.

In conclusion, Dinara Kulibaeva’s life is a testament to the possibilities that come with wealth, influence, and a commitment to making the world a better place. Her ongoing philanthropic work continues to leave a lasting legacy, demonstrating the profound positive impact that one individual can have on society.

FAQS

• Who is Dinara Kulibaeva?

Dinara Kulibaeva is a well-known businesswoman and philanthropist from Kazakhstan. She is recognized for her important contributions in a variety of fields.

• What is Dinara Kulibaeva’s net worth?

It is estimated that she has a net worth between $1.2 billion and $2.9 billion.

• How did Dinara accumulate her wealth?

She accumulated her wealth by investing successfully in finance, real estate, and key economic sectors including energy, banking, and mining.

• What is the “Saby” Charitable Foundation?

The Saby Charitable Foundation, founded by Dinara Kulibaeva, has made significant contributions to education, healthcare, and social welfare in Kazakhstan.